Cboe Global Markets – which, as the “rebranded” Chicago Board Options Exchange, continues to be one of the world’s largest option exchanges – announced last week that it is going to begin listing corporate stocks in the US. All Cboe-listed stocks in the US and Canada can also be made available for trading in the Netherlands and the UK, with Australia to follow.
Cboe has been around for 50 years as an options exchange, but when it comes to listing company stocks, it is a new player. It joins upstart national securities exchanges like the Long-Term Stock Exchange (all 24 national securities exchanges are listed on the SEC’s “Self-Regulatory Organizations” page). It says it is not aiming to compete with the existing large exchanges – rather, it wants to focus on the “purpose-driven innovation economy.” Here’s more detail:
Uniquely focused on powering the purpose-driven Innovation Economy, Cboe Global Listings aims to serve growth companies – particularly those with novel business models operating in nascent, high-growth industries – and innovative investment products that are addressing world challenges and shaping the economies of tomorrow.
Abaxx Technologies, a fintech company, will be the first issuer listed on Cboe’s global platform. Abaxx went public on Cboe Canada in December 2020.
Hang on to your hats! In advance of the more detailed disclosure requirements that will apply to share repurchases conducted later this year and in the future, a 6-page order posted last week shows that the SEC’s Enforcement Division is already on the lookout for shortcomings under the disclosure rules as they currently exist. The Commission instituted cease-and-desist proceedings and reached a $600k settlement with a regional bank based on its purported findings that:
1. FGBI failed to disclose repurchases of its common stock on the open market in its Forms 10-Q and 10-K in connection with an employee stock grant program (“Stock Grant Program” or “Program”) for employees of its wholly-owned subsidiary, First Guaranty Bank (“FGB”), and for annual stock bonus awards made to FGB executives, including FGB’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer, (“CFO”).
2. From September 2016 through February 2021, FGB used an outside third party, who was not an employee of either FGB or FGBI, to purchase shares of FGBI common stock each quarter on the open market using his own brokerage account. Once the shares were purchased, the third party worked with FGB’s administrative personnel to effectuate the sale of shares to FGB. FGB never took possession of the shares, instead distributing them directly from the third party’s account held at FGB to select employees for that quarter and to its senior executives at year-end. In total, the third party purchased 119,020 shares of FGBI common stock for approximately $2.5 million under these programs.
3. Pursuant to Item 703 of Regulation S-K, 17 C.F.R. § 229.703, FGBI was required to disclose these quarterly and annual purchases made by the third party in FGBI’s Forms 10-Q and 10-K filed with the Commission between March 30, 2017 and May 10, 2021. However, FGBI never disclosed this required information in its quarterly and annual filings. Moreover, FGBI failed to implement controls, policies, or procedures designed to ensure compliance with the disclosure requirements under Item 703.
4. As a result of the conduct described above, FGBI violated Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act and Rules 13a-1, 13a-13, and 13a-15(a) thereunder.
Although this order involves a corner of the market that’s been under significant scrutiny this year, there’s no reason to think that the Enforcement Division isn’t also watching for compliance issues at companies from other industries. In addition to the specific repurchase disclosures that resulted in the alleged violation, the order also says that the company lacked appropriate disclosure controls – which has been an enforcement theme as of late. Here’s an excerpt:
Although FGBI maintained written procedures and checklists pertaining to disclosures required by the federal securities laws, FGBI had no controls or procedures in place for FGBI’s annual filings designed to ensure FGBI disclosed the quarterly share purchases in its Forms 10-K under Item 703. With respect to FGBI’s quarterly filings on Forms 10-Q, FGBI maintained a Form 10-Q checklist that had only the one question pertaining to Item 703. However, FGBI’s controls and procedures were not designed to ensure that the quarterly purchases made by the third party, an affiliated purchaser of FGBI, would be disclosed under Item 703.
Since the share repurchase disclosure requirements are only going to get more detailed & complex from here, now is the time to revisit disclosure controls and ensure that all checklists and form checks are broad enough to capture all repurchases covered by the rules. Check out the memos – and our recent webcast – about the new rules that we’ve posted in our “Buybacks” Practice Area, to make sure that you and your clients are prepared.
Speaking of control deficiencies, Dave blogged in April about the Commission’s improved transparency around its own issues. At that time, the SEC announced that they had determined that Staff in the Division of Enforcement had been able to access a database that contained certain memos prepared by the Adjudication Group. That access is not supposed to be possible, and the SEC has been conducting a review and implementing remedial measures.
On Friday, continuing its communication on this matter, the SEC released a lengthy statement from the review team, as well as 5 exhibits detailing 28 affected matters. Here’s an excerpt that summarizes findings so far:
In all instances, the review team found that the Enforcement administrative staff accessed the Adjudication memoranda as part of an effort to track and upload to the Enforcement Centralized Database all Enforcement memoranda recommending Commission action in enforcement proceedings. Consistent with this effort, the overwhelming majority of the memoranda accessed by the Enforcement administrative staff were memoranda to the Commission submitted by Enforcement staff. But because the OS databases were not configured to prevent Enforcement staff from accessing Adjudication memoranda—and the Enforcement administrative staff did not distinguish between Enforcement and Adjudication memoranda—those administrative staff included some Adjudication memoranda in their effort to continually upload relevant materials into the Enforcement Centralized Database.
As part of the review, the SEC’s investigative staff from the Division of Examinations, under the supervision of the Commission’s General Counsel and with support from a consulting firm, interviewed more than 250 current & former staff members and considered over 500,000 pages of emails and attachments, as well as hundreds of case files and 25 million rows of data from access logs of various systems. The Commission says that it will release additional findings from the review team as appropriate.
The S&P Dow Jones recently announced its latest quarterly rebalance, which becomes effective in about two weeks – at market open on Tuesday, June 20th. The rebalance includes changes to the S&P 500 as well as the S&P MidCap 400, and the S&P SmallCap 600 indices.
While only a handful of companies are affected by these rebalancings each quarter, it’s a reminder that index inclusion (or exclusion) can impact the voting & investment policies that apply to a company. So, if your company is on the cusp of any index, there are many reasons to monitor that and keep your team apprised of whether you are now subject to different policies. This blog has more detail on what drives turnover.
It’s still too early to tell whether universal proxy is significantly changing the activism game, but it may at least be influencing smaller activists to move forward with campaigns. Here’s something that Meredith blogged yesterday on DealLawyers.com:
Michael Levin recently shared another UPC development – the second activist success story:
An individual investor, Daniel Mangless, owns 2.3% of Zevra Therapeutics (ZVRA), since 2019. Other than a few Form 13Gs for ZVRA and one other holding, the preliminary proxy statement for ZVRA was his first-ever SEC filing and, it appears, activist project.
He rather quietly nominated three candidates for three available seats on the seven-person classified BoD. ZVRA nominated the three incumbents, including the CEO and a director first appointed in November 2022. He also proposed reversing any bylaw amendments from 2023, which the ZVRA BoD could have approved but not disclosed to shareholders.
At the ASM last week, all three challengers won by a significant margin over the three incumbents. The bylaw amendment reversal also prevailed by a similar margin.
What’s a significant margin? All three activists won 80% of the votes cast, with the bylaw proposal passing with 84% of the vote. So, while UPC may have helped encourage the activist, it doesn’t appear to have impacted the outcome:
Shareholders didn’t see the need to split votes among incumbent and activist candidates, one of the features of UPC. All three challengers each received approximately the same votes, as did the three incumbents.
The other notable feature of this campaign was the activist’s particularly low expenses, estimated at $250,000.
I blogged earlier this week about a record-setting whistleblower award. A case that’s on the SCOTUS docket may affect the ability of future whistleblowers to establish claims. Here’s Kevin LaCroix at D&O Diary:
The U.S. Supreme Court has agreed to take up a case that will address the question of whether or not a claimant alleging that his employer fired him in retaliation for whistleblowing must prove that the employer acted with retaliatory intent. The court’s consideration of the case has important implications for claimants under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act’s anti-retaliation provisions, because claimants could face significantly greater difficulty in establishing their claims if they must prove that the employer acted with subjective intent to retaliate. The case could also have important implications for retaliation claims under other federal whistleblower protection laws. The Court’s May 1, 2023, order agreeing to take up the case can be found here.
Kevin gives background on the case & the cert petition, and discusses the potential impact:
The Second Circuit’s requirement of a showing of retaliatory intent “significantly raised the threshold for Sarbanes-Oxley whistleblower plaintiffs,” as the Seyfarth Shaw law firm put it in a memo published just after the Second Circuit issued its opinion. As the memo also noted, “a potentially significant number of cases will not meet the requirement” for the claimant to show retaliatory intent.
Moreover, this case not only has important implications for SOX whistleblowers; a number of other federal statutory provisions have anti-retaliation provisions that operate similarly to the provisions in SOX. As Senators Grassley and Widen put it in their amicus brief, at least 17 other federal statutes have “virtually identical whistleblower protection” provision, and so the Second Circuit’s holding, if not addressed, could significantly affect the level of protection available under a variety of whistleblower statutes.
The Supreme Court will hear argument on the case in the fall and it will likely issue its ruling in the case in early 2024. The case will be interesting to watch as it could significantly affect the difficulty for whistleblower plaintiffs to establish claims that they were retaliated against for the whistleblower activities.
When it comes to the big award that the SEC announced last week, the Financial Times Alphaville has a “low-confidence bet” that it was tied to the WhatsApp probe, which also happened to be the subject of an SEC announcement yesterday, and Bloomberg reported that the SEC is continuing to investigate “off-channel communications” at other brokers.
Last week, State Street Corporation announced three new publicly available data sets that will show portfolio allocation trends among large institutional investors. Here’s more detail:
– The Institutional Investor Holdings Indicator tracks the aggregate holdings of institutional investors across three asset classes: stocks, bonds and cash. Shifts in asset allocations convey information about how investors view the economy and their outlook for markets. When investors are bullish on markets, they tend to hold more stocks; when they are bearish, they tend to hold more cash and bonds. The Holdings Indicator is calculated daily and will be released monthly.
– Institutional Investor Risk Appetite Indicator is based on flows—buying and selling activity—rather than portfolio positions. It reveals whether investors, in aggregate, are buying or selling risky assets. For example, selling less risky bond or stock investments to buy riskier ones would drive up this score. While the Holdings Indicator tells us about current positioning, the Risk Appetite Indicator tells us about the direction of travel. The Risk Appetite Indicator is calculated daily and will be released monthly.
– The State Street S&P Global Institutional Investor Carbon Indicator tracks the overall exposure of institutional investor portfolio holdings to carbon emissions. Leveraging aggregated and anonymized custody and accounting data from State Street, together carbon emissions data from S&P Global powered by S&P Global Sustainble1, the indicator will show how institutional investors are managing their exposure to carbon risk, and what is driving shifts in these exposures. The Carbon Indicator will be released annually.
The tracker for carbon emissions is useful for anyone attempting to understand & predict investor behaviors on that topic, because it is a data-based alternative to the various polls & surveys that float around from time to time. In fact, State Street has already used the data for a new report – which shows that from March 2022 – March 2023, investors’ emissions exposures increased, while intensity exposures fell.
I don’t know whether that outcome was something investors were intentionally striving for, but it shows how complex and nuanced asset allocation is during this time of the energy transition – versus just “woke” or “not woke.” Here are the highlights from the study (also see this ESG Today article):
• The carbon emission exposures of institutional portfolios rose in between March 2022 and March 2023, returning to levels higher than any seen since 2019: portfolio companies emitted more carbon overall with emissions exposure rising over 8% from 3.93 to 4.27 million metric tonnes year over year.
• The efficiency with which portfolios leverage carbon emissions to generate revenues, however, increased, with carbon intensity exposure falling over 10% from 152 to 137 tonnes emitted per $1 million of revenue. These contrasting moves represent, respectively a sharp reversal in the trend of declining exposures and a continuation of the trend in efficiency gains that we observed between March 2018 and March 2021. The low emissions exposures of 2020 and 2021 were driven in part by global declines in emissions due to COVID restrictions, and these have reversed as the economy has recovered.
• From March 2022 to March 2023, high-carbon sectors, such as Energy, outperformed the overall market as oil prices remained elevated. These companies performed well even as the regulatory price of emissions rose in Europe.1 As a result of these higher valuations, Energy holdings represented a larger share of many institutional portfolios; this repricing was the main driver of increased weighted-average carbon emissions exposure at the portfolio level, while the general post-COVID renewal of economic activity accompanied increased emissions by Energy, Materials, and Utilities firms. The decrease in intensity exposure was driven by Energy and Materials companies – in this case by their reductions in company carbon intensity as firms grew revenues faster than emissions.
• Despite the fact that carbon-intensive sectors like Energy outperformed the market in 2022, many sophisticated decarbonization strategies also outperformed. This seeming paradox is due to the fact that sophisticated decarbonization strategies hold sector weights neutral and tilt toward more carbon efficient firms within each sector. For example, they might hold overall exposure to the Energy sector constant, but tilt toward more efficient emitters within that sector. As a result, they can benefit when energy prices rise since they are tilted toward companies that use energy more efficiently.
The DOJ announced this week that a former product manager at Coinbase has been sentenced to 2 years in federal prison for sharing confidential company info about token listings with his brother & friend so that they could trade in those tokens. Although the charges were unique because they were the first-ever insider trading case involving crypto and gave us an early sign that the SEC was going to take a harder stance on tokens being securities, this case also has ramifications for companies and employees in any industry – because it shows the harsh consequences that can result from insider trading.
A 2-year stint in federal prison is nothing to sneeze at. This Bloomberg article further highlights that prosecutors are out for blood, and details the parade of horribles that can accompany an insider trading conviction, in addition to jail time:
“This error in judgment has cost him everything: his career, his health, his relationships, his family’s name, and has seriously jeopardized the future of his relationship with his long-term girlfriend,” Wahi’s lawyer, David Miller, wrote in a sentencing memo. “Ishan has squandered years of hard study in school, tireless years of professional development, and forfeited his ability to work in what was a promising and lucrative career.”
Prosecutors sought a sentence of 37 to 46 months behind bars, the same amount called for by federal guidelines, saying that giving him just 10 months would send the wrong message.
Earlier this year, I blogged about a guilty plea & 10-month prison sentence for one of the tippees in this case. Last week, a former exec at a different company was convicted in an insider trading case involving NFTs.
With many companies taking a fresh look at insider trading policies and training programs right now, this sentence can serve as a reminder to insiders about why it’s important to follow the policy. See our “Insider Trading Policies Handbook” for an updated model policy and lots of practical guidance.
A recent study from a Marquette finance prof examines trends in Reg A offerings post-JOBS Act. This is useful since one of the goals of the JOBS Act was to make Regulation A a more viable option for capital raising by smaller companies, by significantly raising the maximum offering size and turning it into what became known as “Reg A+”.
The study shows that Reg A has become more popular since the JOBS Act was enacted. The number of qualified filings increased from an average of eight per year before the Act to over 160 annually in 2022. However – possibly due to continued perception of high offering costs, or just a general lack of awareness – Reg A is still an underdog when it comes to capital raising alternatives.
The study provides some insights & trends on qualification that may help anyone considering this route, and suggests ways that policy-makers can continue to help Reg A be all that it can be. Here are a few key data points, from this CLS summary:
– Number of Filings per Year: The number of filings increased over time (especially Tier 2 offerings), with a peak of 274 filings in 2021 (see Figure 2). (Tier 1 Reg A offerings allow companies to raise up to $20 million in a 12-month period, while Tier 2 Reg A offerings allow companies to raise up to $75 million in a 12-month period, but also have additional disclosure requirements and ongoing reporting obligations.)
– Percentage of Qualified Offerings by Year: The percentage of offerings qualified by the SEC increased from 39 percent in 2015 to 78 percent in 2022.
– Offering Size Distribution of Qualified Offerings: The average offering size of qualified offerings was $22 million, with a range of $1.5 million to $75 million. Larger offerings were positively associated with SEC qualification, indicating that issuers who align their offering size with their financial fundamentals are more likely to obtain SEC qualification.
– Use of Professional Advisers in the Registration Process: The use of professional advisers, such as lawyers and accountants, was positively associated with SEC qualification. Issuers who engage professional advisors earlier in the process likely signal a higher level of competency to the SEC.
– Industry Distribution of Qualified Offerings: The technology sector had the highest number of qualified offerings, followed by healthcare and consumer goods.
Last week, on the heels of the “42nd Annual Small Business Forum,” the SEC announced that it had appointed 14 new members to its Small Business Capital Formation Advisory Committee. These new members are filling vacancies arising primarily from the expiration of prior members’ terms – but since the entire Committee is only 20 people and several of them are non-voting government representatives, this represents turnover of all but 2 “at-large” positions. Dave blogged about the nominations process earlier this year.
The Committee meets quarterly and provides advice and recommendations to the Commission on rules, regulations, and policy matters relating to small businesses, including smaller public companies. Members include entrepreneurs, investors, and advisers who work with early stage private companies and smaller public companies – as well as the SEC’s Advocate for Small Business Capital Formation and three non-voting members appointed by each of the SEC’s Investor Advocate, the North American Securities Administrators Association (NASAA), and the Small Business Administration, as well as an observer appointed by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA).
The departing members shared these “parting thoughts” back in February, which urged the SEC to make it easier and more efficient for companies to raise capital regardless of geographic location (i.e., encourage growth in “flyover country”) – and to continue to pay attention to these 5 objectives:
1. Recognize the importance of the private markets for small business growth.
2. Ensure public company rules are mindful of the unique circumstances of small public companies, so that these small companies can attract capital, spur innovation, and create jobs.
3. Allow retail investors greater access to a wider range of investment opportunities.
4. Support rules to facilitate the existence and growth of small funds.
5. Continue to protect investors through effective enforcement and more education and outreach.
