Paul Munter, the SEC’s Acting Chief Accountant, released a statement yesterday on FASB’s Agenda Consultation. Back in June 2021, FASB published its Invitation to Comment, Agenda Consultation to solicit broad stakeholder feedback about the FASB’s standard-setting process and its future standard-setting agenda. The Acting Chief Accountant’s statement highlights the importance of consultation with investors and other stakeholders to the standard-setting process. The statement addresses a number of the key areas of feedback that the FASB received during its consultation, which included disaggregation of financial reporting, climate-related transactions and disclosures, digital assets, intangible assets (including software costs and human capital costs), consolidation guidance, and hedging.
Tune in tomorrow from 2-3pm EST for our inaugural PracticalESG.com webcast – “Supply Chains: Tracking ESG Issues” – featuring Walbrook’s Pepijn van Haren, Orrick’s JT Ho, BlueNumber’s Puvan Selvanathan and Guidehouse’s Catherine Tyson. These experienced practitioners – from consulting, law, auditing and information technology – will be discussing how to minimize emerging ESG risks in the supply chain. This is an especially timely topic in light of shareholders approving a “Scope 3” proposal at a major retailer last month and another company facing legal allegations that it was responsible for forced labor in its supply chain.
Members of PracticalESG.com are able to attend this critical webcast – and access the transcript afterwards – at no charge. If you’re not yet a member, subscribe now by emailing sales@ccrcorp.com or calling us at 800.737.1271. If you sign up for a membership today, you can also receive 25% off the regular pricing – don’t delay!
It now appears that the Staff’s climate change reviews are finally wrapping up, as we begin to see the review correspondence posted on EDGAR for companies who received a climate change comment letter in 2021 from the Staff. This resolution is fairly anticlimactic, because the Staff’s sample comment letter published back in September 2021 largely gave us the lay of the land on what the Staff covered in these reviews.
In the correspondence that is now emerging, we see companies explain in significant detail their consideration of the Commission’s 2010 climate change guidance in drafting their Form 10-K disclosures, as well as provide details about their analysis of the materiality of climate change considerations. Consistent with our prior observations, the Staff often pressed companies on these topics in more than one comment letter, apparently not satisfied with the first round of explanations. In the end, while the review effort may not have moved the needle much on the climate change disclosure that public companies provide, it undoubtedly gave the Staff some perspectives on the state of disclosure today that could be useful toward the rule making effort that is still bogged down with the Commission.
Intelligize recently took a deeper dive into SEC climate change comment letters in its Climate Change Disclosure Report: From Omission to Commission. Intelligize examined comment letters issued both before and after the Staff published the sample comment letter on climate change-related disclosure in September 2021, and found that enforcement before 2021 focused on information missing from filings, while post-2021 enforcement has focused on the quality and accuracy of companies’ climate change disclosure, including potentially problematic assertions about their environmental sustainability records. The report notes:
Perhaps it should not surprise us that the SEC’s 2010 statement on climate change has proved so durable. The interpretive guidance did not speak in great specifics. In that way, it is consistent with the philosophy behind principles-based rules, which have the advantage of standing firm even while facts and circumstances change.
Indeed, the SEC’s comment letters on climate-related disclosure between 2010 and today might reflect more about how public companies have changed than how the SEC has. In the different world of 2010, companies and brands were more likely to shy away from the topic of climate change. By 2021, widespread acceptance of the environmental reality had inclined companies to more eagerly attest to their “green” credentials. The SEC’s enforcement pattern has changed, in turn, from one focused on omissions of disclosure to commissions of inaccurate reporting.
In the latest Deep Dive with Dave podcast, John and I talk about the topics we cover in the January-February 2021 issue of The Corporate Counsel. We discuss the SEC’s insider trading and share repurchase rule proposals and things to consider for your insider trading policy. Thanks for listening to the Deep Dive with Dave podcast!
Targets of SEC enforcement proceedings and advocacy groups have long complained about “regulation by enforcement.” Crypto evangelists have been particularly vocal with regulation by enforcement claims in recent years, but it looks like at least one of them may have effectively figured out how to use regulation by enforcement to its advantage, Check out Matt Levine’s take on the SEC’s recent enforcement action against BlockFi:
If a crypto startup went to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and said “we want regulatory clarity about what we need to do to run crypto lending programs, so you should write some rules about it,” the SEC would say “sure, we’ll give that some thought in like 2036.” If it went to 50 different U.S. states and asked them for clarity it would get even more confused. If it went to the SEC and said “look, to speed this process along, why don’t we pay you $50 million to prioritize writing these rules,” that would be a very bad crime and it would go to prison. But BlockFi will give the SEC $50 million, and it will give some states another $50 million, and now it has clarity about crypto lending programs.
That’s a classic example of being handed a lemon and turning it into a very expensive glass of lemonade, and it’s also a unique twist on the problem of “regulation by enforcement.” BlockFi had the resources to use regulation by enforcement to its advantage, but that’s not typically the case.
Now, here’s where I should note that the current director of the SEC’s Division of Enforcement says that regulation by enforcement is a problem that doesn’t exist. That’s a view that he shares with many of his predecessors, but it’s one that’s not always shared by SEC commissioners or the courts. Here’s an excerpt from the 2nd Circuit’s 1996 opinion in SEC v. Upton:
Due process requires that “laws give the person of ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what is prohibited.” Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 108 (1972). Although the Commission’s construction of its own regulations is entitled to “substantial deference,” Lyng v. Payne, 476 U.S. 926, 939 (1986), we cannot defer to the Commission’s interpretation of its rules if doing so would penalize an individual who has not received fair notice of a regulatory violation. See United States v. Matthews, 787 F.2d 38, 49 (2d Cir.1986). This principle applies, albeit less forcefully, even if the rule in question carries only civil rather than criminal penalties.
In the current environment, it seems fair to say that regulation by enforcement concerns are by no means limited to issues surrounding digital assets. The SEC is under enormous pressure to move forward on its current regulatory agenda, and enforcement actions may be seen as an attractive shortcut in some areas. As I’ll explain with a couple of examples below, the risk of regulation by enforcement is heightened by the increasing influence on the SEC and other regulators of novel academic interpretations of what the securities laws require – interpretations that run counter to longstanding and well-known business practices.
– John Jenkins
Programming note: our blogs will be off Monday for Presidents’ Day, returning on Tuesday.
In recent months, long-time SPAC structures that were spelled out in hundreds of registration statements reviewed by the Staff of Corp Fin have been called into question, most notably in a lawsuit filed by former SEC commissioner & NYU Law School professor Robert Jackson & Yale Law School professor John Morley. That lawsuit challenges Pershing Tontine’s compliance with the Investment Company Act, and calls into question underlying assumptions about the availability of an exemption from that statute that have been relied upon by SPACs for years.
That’s private litigation, not an enforcement proceeding – but its allegations concerning non-compliance with the Investment Company Act have been commented on favorably by current and former senior SEC officials. What’s more, in a recent article, one of those former officials, Harvard Law School professor John Coates, states that the SEC’s past inaction in the face of widespread belief in the availability of the exemption should not be an impediment to future enforcement proceedings:
Does the claim, then, reduce to a claim that a regulatory agency with a limited budget should be held to legally have given up authority if it does not bring an enforcement action when it could, even when the issue has been part of what even its promoters say was until 2020 a “backwater” of the capital markets?
No, I don’t think so. I think the claim reduces to a claim that an enforcement proceeding alleging that the typical SPAC structure violated the Investment Company Act would raise due process issues that could be avoided if the SEC opted to address these newly articulated concerns through rulemaking. I hope that’s the path that the agency will choose to take.
In addition to the SEC, the DOJ may find itself under pressure to use novel academic arguments to support enforcement activities – even in criminal proceedings. As I blogged last year, the DOJ has recently launched a major investigation into the business practices of short sellers. According to a recent NYT DealBook article, the legality of activist short sellers’ longstanding use of “short reports” has been called into question by Joshua Mitts, a professor at Columbia Law School:
Short sellers have long been told by their lawyers that as long as their reports contain no material inaccuracies and are not based on inside information, they have done nothing illegal. In the disclosure accompanying their reports, activist short sellers typically say they are short the stock but may cover at any time. And they add that they are not offering investment advice.
John Courtade, a former senior S.E.C. enforcement litigator who now represents short sellers, has designed some of these disclosures. “Scalping has to involve deception of some sort,” he said. “Just the fact that you’re going to close your position has never been held to be deception. If you look at the cases, they involve situations like not disclosing that you have a position at all.” But Mr. Mitts argues that whether the boilerplate disclosure is sufficient “has not been tested by the courts.”
The article says that the SEC is unlikely to move on a rulemaking petition submitted by Prof. Mitts, but that “it’s an open question as to whether the Justice Department will try to set a precedent by prosecuting short sellers for market manipulation under the scalping theory — or any other one not yet tested.”
I’m not a fan of SPACs or short sellers, but I am a fan of due process – and I think that there’s a legitimate risk that the SEC and the DOJ may cross the line in the upcoming months if they bring enforcement actions or criminal proceedings premised on conduct that has long been engaged in openly, with the advice of experienced counsel, and under the noses of regulators.
We’ve recently passed the 11,000-query mark in our “Q&A Forum.” Of course, as Broc would always point out when he wrote one of these Q&A milestone blogs, the “real” number is much higher since many queries have others piggy-backed upon them. When I first came on board, I never realized how much time I’d spend responding to these questions. Don’t get me wrong – all of my colleagues (and many of our members and advisory board members) have generously pitched in on the Q&A Forum, but everyone on the editorial team has their own set of responsibilities, and the way it turned out, addressing Q&A Forum questions is something that’s usually devolved to me.
I think there’s something in my background that may help explain why I’m usually the editor who responds to questions on the Q&A Forum. For the first 15 years or so of my career, I was essentially an outside in-house counsel for a pretty active regional investment bank. Among other things, that meant responding on a daily basis to multiple questions from investment bankers on securities law, state corporate law, directors’ fiduciary duties, M&A and capital markets deal processing issues, etc.
One banker even called me with a Lemon Law question on a Sunday afternoon when he got buyer’s remorse one hour after buying a new car. Like most bankers, they were a pretty laid-back bunch – in terms of when they wanted an answer, well, yesterday was just fine.
As you might imagine, this wasn’t my favorite part of the job and I didn’t miss it when it was taken almost entirely in-house after the investment bank was gobbled up by a big commercial bank in the late ’90s. But for better or worse, this experience implanted an almost Pavlovian reflex in me to try to respond promptly to questions. So, when I see a question on the Forum that I can answer, I have a pathological need usually try to respond pretty quickly.
I’m far from perfect, so trying to answer these questions is sometimes a humbling experience. But fortunately, when I’m off base on a response, our members have frequently – and invariably graciously – come to my rescue. So, over the years, we’ve collectively developed quite a resource. Combined with the “Q&A Forums” on our other sites, there have been well over 35,000 individual questions answered – including over 10,000 that Alan Dye’s answered over on Section16.net. No matter how many I answer, I’ll never catch Alan!
You are reminded that we welcome – in fact, we actively encourage – your input into any query you see that you think you can shed some light on for other members of our community. There is no need to identify yourself if you are inclined to remain anonymous when you post a reply (or a question). And of course, remember the disclaimer that you need to conduct your own analysis & that any answers don’t constitute legal advice.
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Much of the discussion on board diversity issues has focused on race, gender and sexual preference, but this recent “Race to the Bottom” blog says more attention needs to be paid to increasing the representation of people with disabilities on corporate boards. The blog recounts the unsuccessful efforts to persuade Nasdaq to include individuals with disabilities in the Diversity Matrix required by its new diversity rule. The blog says that this has left those individuals at a disadvantage when it comes to increasing their representation on corporate boards, but that their efforts appear to be receiving a more sympathetic reception at the SEC:
Even though Nasdaq did not include people with disabilities in its list of individuals that are considered to be diverse under its new diversity rule requirements, other groups are continuing to push forward and advocate on this front, and it appears that the SEC has heard their call. The SEC is considering its own board diversity rules and Commissioner Lee noted that “there’s merit to counting individuals with disabilities as diverse members of the boards, as women and ethnic minorities often are.” Commissioner Lee further stated that while it may be difficult to analyze this issue, it “does seem to [Commissioner Lee] potentially that disability is a group that makes a lot of sense to include” in SEC’s board diversity requirements. (Lydia Beyoud and Andrew Ramonas, Bloomberg Law).
The blog notes that the SEC has not released its proposed board diversity rules and that it remains to be seen whether persons with disabilities will be included in those rules. However, as I blogged a few months ago, in setting board diversity targets in its own voting policies, BlackRock specifically included individuals with disabilities in the category of “underrepresented groups.”